Framing e Parcialidade nos Media: Uma Análise Comparativa da Cobertura da Fox News sobre os Decretos Presidenciais de Obama e Trump
Palavras-chave:
framing, parcialidade mediática, fox news, barack obama, donald trump
Resumo
Este artigo analisa comparativamente a cobertura da Fox News sobre os decretos presidenciais de Barack Obama (2009-2016) e Donald Trump (2017-2021), identificando padrões de framing seletivo e viés mediático. A hipótese central é que a emissora framed Obama como um governante autoritário, enquanto normalizou o uso de decretos por Trump. A pesquisa baseia-se na análise de discurso e no conceito de framing (Entman, 1993; Goffman, 1986), examinando manchetes, linguagem, contextualização e autoria dos textos publicados no site da Fox News contendo o termo Executive Order. Os resultados indicam que, durante o governo Obama, a emissora adotou um tom negativo, associando seus decretos a "tirania" e "abuso de poder". Já na cobertura de Trump, a abordagem foi neutra ou favorável, destacando pragmatismo e cumprimento de promessas. Esses achados corroboram o Propaganda Model de Herman e Chomsky (2008) e estudos sobre viés mediático (Hallin & Mancini, 2004; Patterson, 1993) evidenciando a influência ideológica nos media na construção de narrativas políticas. Esta pesquisa pretende contribuir para o debate sobre o papel da imprensa na polarização política, reforçando a necessidade do consumo crítico de notícias e da diversificação de fontes para preservar o pluralismo democrático.
Downloads
Não há dados estatísticos.
Referências
American Views 2020: Trust, Media and Democracy (p. 63). (2020). [Survey]. Knight Foundation. https://knightfoundation.org/reports/american-views-2020-trust-media-and-democracy/
Buckley, F. H. (2014, maio 21). Barack Obama is a king, not a president. Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/barack-obama-is-a-king-not-a-president
Chiaramonte, P. (2013, novembro 1). Obama uses executive order in sweeping takeover of nation’s climate change policies. Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/obama-uses-executive-order-in-sweeping-takeover-of-nations-climate-change-policies
DellaVigna, S., & Kaplan, E. (2007). The Fox News Effect: Media Bias and Voting. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3), 1187–1234. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.122.3.1187
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Executive Order: United States government. (sem data). Em Britannica. Obtido 10 de dezembro de 2024, de https://www.britannica.com/topic/executive-order
Executive Orders. The American Presidency Project. (sem data). University of California, Santa Barbara. Obtido 15 de janeiro de 2025, de https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/statistics/data/executive-orders
Fairclough, N. (20). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language (Nachdr.). Longman.
Freedom of Expression: Is There a Difference Between Speech and Press? (sem data). Legal Information Institute (LII). Cornell Law School. Obtido 10 de novembro de 2024, de https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022414/https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/amendment-1/freedom-of-expression-is-there-a-difference-between-speech-and-press
Goffman, E. (1986). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience (Northeastern Univ. Press ed., reprint). The Maple Press.
Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics (1.a ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790867
Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N. (2008). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media (anniversary ed., Nachdr.). Bodley Head.
How laws are made. (sem data). USAGov. Obtido 24 de novembro de 2024, de https://www.usa.gov/how-laws-are-made
Iyengar, S., & Hahn, K. S. (2009). Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media Use. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x
Jamieson, K. H., & Cappella, J. N. (Eds.). (2010). Echo chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the conservative media establishment. Oxford University Press.
Ken Paulson. (2020, setembro 9). Knight-Gallup poll sheds light on media-bias perceptions. Free Speech Center - Middle Tennessee State University. https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/post/knight-gallup-poll-sheds-light-on-media-bias-perceptions/
List of Trump’s executive orders. (2017, abril 28). Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/list-of-trumps-executive-orders
Media Bias Ratings. (sem data). AllSides Media Bias Ratings. Obtido 15 de janeiro de 2025, de https://www.allsides.com/media-bias/ratings
Napolitano, A. (2014, fevereiro 6). Executive Order tyranny—Obama plans to rule America with pen, phone. Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/executive-order-tyranny-obama-plans-to-rule-america-with-pen-phone
Obama raises eyebrows with executive order revising authority to nationalize resources for defense. (2012, março 19). Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/obama-raises-eyebrows-with-executive-order-revising-authority-to-nationalize-resources-for-defense
Patterson, T. E. (1993). Out of order (1st ed). A. Knopf; Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/outoforder00patt
Prior, M. (2007). Post-Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice Increases Inequality in Political Involvement and Polarizes Elections (1.a ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://archive.org/details/postbroadcastdem0000prio/page/n7/mode/2up
Roberts, J. (2020, maio 28). Trump crafts executive order on social media, weighs commission to probe bias amid Twitter fight. Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-crafts-executive-order-on-social-media-weighs-commission-to-probe-bias-amid-twitter-fight
Singman, B. (2017, maio 11). Trump signs executive order launching voter fraud commission. Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-signs-executive-order-launching-voter-fraud-commission
Trump signs executive order rolling back Obama-era energy regs. (2017, março 28). Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-signs-executive-order-rolling-back-obama-era-energy-regs
Van Dijk, T. (1997). Discourse as Structure and Process: Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446221884
Buckley, F. H. (2014, maio 21). Barack Obama is a king, not a president. Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/barack-obama-is-a-king-not-a-president
Chiaramonte, P. (2013, novembro 1). Obama uses executive order in sweeping takeover of nation’s climate change policies. Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/obama-uses-executive-order-in-sweeping-takeover-of-nations-climate-change-policies
DellaVigna, S., & Kaplan, E. (2007). The Fox News Effect: Media Bias and Voting. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3), 1187–1234. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.122.3.1187
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Executive Order: United States government. (sem data). Em Britannica. Obtido 10 de dezembro de 2024, de https://www.britannica.com/topic/executive-order
Executive Orders. The American Presidency Project. (sem data). University of California, Santa Barbara. Obtido 15 de janeiro de 2025, de https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/statistics/data/executive-orders
Fairclough, N. (20). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language (Nachdr.). Longman.
Freedom of Expression: Is There a Difference Between Speech and Press? (sem data). Legal Information Institute (LII). Cornell Law School. Obtido 10 de novembro de 2024, de https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022414/https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/amendment-1/freedom-of-expression-is-there-a-difference-between-speech-and-press
Goffman, E. (1986). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience (Northeastern Univ. Press ed., reprint). The Maple Press.
Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics (1.a ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790867
Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N. (2008). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media (anniversary ed., Nachdr.). Bodley Head.
How laws are made. (sem data). USAGov. Obtido 24 de novembro de 2024, de https://www.usa.gov/how-laws-are-made
Iyengar, S., & Hahn, K. S. (2009). Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media Use. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x
Jamieson, K. H., & Cappella, J. N. (Eds.). (2010). Echo chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the conservative media establishment. Oxford University Press.
Ken Paulson. (2020, setembro 9). Knight-Gallup poll sheds light on media-bias perceptions. Free Speech Center - Middle Tennessee State University. https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/post/knight-gallup-poll-sheds-light-on-media-bias-perceptions/
List of Trump’s executive orders. (2017, abril 28). Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/list-of-trumps-executive-orders
Media Bias Ratings. (sem data). AllSides Media Bias Ratings. Obtido 15 de janeiro de 2025, de https://www.allsides.com/media-bias/ratings
Napolitano, A. (2014, fevereiro 6). Executive Order tyranny—Obama plans to rule America with pen, phone. Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/executive-order-tyranny-obama-plans-to-rule-america-with-pen-phone
Obama raises eyebrows with executive order revising authority to nationalize resources for defense. (2012, março 19). Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/obama-raises-eyebrows-with-executive-order-revising-authority-to-nationalize-resources-for-defense
Patterson, T. E. (1993). Out of order (1st ed). A. Knopf; Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/outoforder00patt
Prior, M. (2007). Post-Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice Increases Inequality in Political Involvement and Polarizes Elections (1.a ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://archive.org/details/postbroadcastdem0000prio/page/n7/mode/2up
Roberts, J. (2020, maio 28). Trump crafts executive order on social media, weighs commission to probe bias amid Twitter fight. Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-crafts-executive-order-on-social-media-weighs-commission-to-probe-bias-amid-twitter-fight
Singman, B. (2017, maio 11). Trump signs executive order launching voter fraud commission. Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-signs-executive-order-launching-voter-fraud-commission
Trump signs executive order rolling back Obama-era energy regs. (2017, março 28). Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-signs-executive-order-rolling-back-obama-era-energy-regs
Van Dijk, T. (1997). Discourse as Structure and Process: Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446221884
Publicado
2026-02-06
Como Citar
Amorim, F. (2026). Framing e Parcialidade nos Media: Uma Análise Comparativa da Cobertura da Fox News sobre os Decretos Presidenciais de Obama e Trump. 1820-Revista De Ciência Política, 1(8), 95-109. https://doi.org/10.60543/rcp1820.v1i8.11020
Secção
Artigos
