The supratrochlear foramen in dogs and iberian wolves humeri: to have or not to have

Joana Catita; Mariana Batista; Eduardo Marcelino; Giovana Braga; Brunna Ciobanu; Maria Soares; Cleia Detry; Sónia Gabriel; Dulce Ferreira; Ana Elisabete Pires

Joana Catita Faculdade Medicina Veterinária- Universidade Lusófona- Centro Universitário de Lisboa
Mariana Batista Faculdade Medicina Veterinária- Universidade Lusófona- Centro Universitário de Lisboa
Eduardo Marcelino Faculdade Medicina Veterinária- Universidade Lusófona- Centro Universitário de Lisboa
Giovana Braga
Brunna Ciobanu Faculdade Medicina Veterinária- Universidade Lusófona- Centro Universitário de Lisboa
Maria Soares Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Cleia Detry Archaeology Center of the University of Lisbon (UNIARQ), Faculty of Letters, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Sónia Gabriel The archaeosciences laboratory (LARC), Directorate-General for Cultural Heritage (DGPC), Lisbon, Portugal
Dulce Ferreira The archaeosciences laboratory (LARC), Directorate-General for Cultural Heritage (DGPC), Lisbon, Portugal
Ana Elisabete Pires Faculdade Medicina Veterinária- Universidade Lusófona- Centro Universitário de Lisboa

Resumo

Objectives: The supratrochlear foramen (STF) is an anatomical feature of the canine humeri, that communicates the radial and olecranon fossae and may or may not be present. We aimed to describe STF prevalence and morphometry in different sized humeri from dogs and Iberian wolves.

Materials and Methods: Unpaired humeri from 52 dogs and 70 Iberian wolves were measured twice by two independent observers, using a digital caliper. Dog humeri were categorized into small (≤10cm) and medium/large (10,3-22,3cm) according to maximum length; wolf humeri length ranged between 18,0-22,8cm.

Results: 62,5% (15 of 24) of small dog humeri and 14,3% (4 of 28) of medium/large dog humeri were STF deficient, and only 1,4% of wolf humeri (1 of 70) didn’t exhibit STF. When present, STF longitudinal and transverse length was inferior in small dog humeri (3,23±1,61mm and 3,63±1,58mm) compared to medium/large (5,24±2,37mm and 6,20±2,18mm), and the ratio between both lengths was similar in small (1,17±0,18mm) and medium/large (1,25±0,23mm) humeri. In wolves, STF longitudinal and transverse mean length was 9,90±1,94mm and 10,73±1,55mm, respectively. In dogs (76%; 25 of 33) and wolves (65%; 45 of 69) an oval-shape STF, with a longer transversal axis, was more common than round-shape. STF margin distance to the medial epicondyle was greater than the distance to the lateral epicondyle in small dog (11,62±1,66mm vs 7,93±1,59mm), medium/large dog (21,02±6,29mm vs 13,88±3,76mm) and wolf humeri (23,63±2,14mm vs 13,96±1,46mm).

Conclusions: Our results highlight that STF is variable as far as its occurrence and size in dogs and wolves. In dogs, small humeri displayed STF deficiency or small size STF more frequently than medium/large, however in the Iberian wolf, STF absence was rare and less variable in size. The most frequent shape of STF was oval and it was closer to the lateral epicondyle, where canine humeral condylar fractures are predominant.

Keywords: Supratrochlear foramen; Humerus; Canine; Iberian wolf.

Funding: 2022/23 Exploratory project grant (SupT-Dog) by Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Lusófona University (FMV-ULusófona).

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