The march of the brutes. Remarks on agential causes of the crisis of liberal democracy in Poland

  • Mateusz Klinowski Jagiellonian University in Kraków
  • Rafał Smoleń University of Warsaw
Palavras-chave: Post-politics, Post-truth, Post-law, Populism, Crisis of democracy, Public Actors

Resumo

In this short essay, we propose an alternative explanation for the current crisis of Western liberal democracies. Instead of focusing on economic factors, historical circumstances, or political narratives, we highlight the general attitudes of agents towards the law and the act of obeying legal rules. We argue that, at least in Poland, the decline of democratic institutions can be attributed to the emergence of a new, distinct type of public actors that are more aligned with the post-politics and post-truth era. We believe that our explanation can provide practical recommendations for those seeking effective solutions to the crisis.

 

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

Alizada N, Cole R, Gastaldi L, Grahn S, Hellmeier S, Kolvani P, Lachapelle J, Lührmann A, Maerz SF, Pillai S, Lindberg SI (2021) Autocratization Turns Viral. Democracy Report 2021. University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg. https://www.v-dem.net/static/website/files/dr/dr_2021.pdf. Accessed 2 Jan 2022

Andrews M, Pritchett L, Woolcock M (2017) Building State Capability: Evidence, Analysis. Oxford University Press, New York.

Brutus in Latinitium – Latin dictionaries. https://latinitium.com/latin-dictionaries/?t=lsn5743,do495,lsn5744. Accessed 3 Jan 2022

Chcesz mieć posłankę łebską (2019). http://dzielnytata.pl/Konfederacja-Niciejewska.htm. Accessed 3 Jan 2022

Conrad J (1988 edition) Heart of Darkness. Norton, New York

Fehr E, Gintis H (2007) Human Motivation and Social Cooperation: Experimental and Analytical Foundations. Annual Review of Sociology 33:43–64. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131812

Foy F, Fleming S (2021) Poland’s prime minister accuses EU of making demands with ‘gun to our head’. Financial Times, 24 October, 2021. https://www.ft.com/content/ac57409d-20c9-4d65-9a5d-6661277cd9af. Accessed 3 Jan 2022

Frankfurt HG (1986) On Bullshit. Raritan Quarterly Review 6(2):81–100

Frankfurt HG (2005) On Bullshit. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Fridlund P (2020) Post-truth Politics, Performatives and the Force. Jus Cogens 2:215–235. doi:10.1007/s42439-020-00029-8

Garrett RK (2019) Social media’s contribution to political misperceptions in U.S. Presidential elections. PLoS ONE 14(3):e0213500. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213500

Gladwell M (2019) Talking to Strangers: What We Should Know about the People We Don’t Know. Little, Brown and Company, New York

Goban-Klas T (2013). Zarządzanie jakością w dziennikarstwie - kłopot, mrzonka czy konieczność? Zarządzanie w Kulturze 14(4):315–321. doi:10.4467/20843976ZK.13.026.1585

International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (2021) The Global State od Democracy Indices. https://www.idea.int/gsod-indices/countries-regions-profile?rsc=%5B290%5D. Accessed 2 Jan 2022

Jażdżewski L (2018) Młodzi muszą coś nosić na koszulkach. Gazeta Wyborcza, 3–4 November, 2018

Jurga-Wosik E (2019) Strukturalne i jakościowe przemiany w mediach lokalnych. Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne 4:125–144. doi:10.14746/ssp.2016.4.8

Kaczyński J (2011) Polska naszych marzeń. Akapit, Lublin

Kessler G, Rizzo S, Kelly M (2019) President Trump has made 13,435 false or misleading claims over 993 days. The Washington Post, 14 October, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/10/14/president-trump-has-made-false-or-misleading-claims-over-days. Accessed 3 Jan 2022

Kostuch L (2012) O Hellenach i barbarzyńcach inaczej. Studia Europaea Gnesnensia 6:472–476

Krastev I, Holmes S (2019) The Light that Failed: A Reckoning. Penguin Books, place of publication not identified

Kuisz J (2018) Koniec pokoleń podległości: młodzi Polacy, liberalizm i przyszłość państwa. Fundacja Kultura Liberalna, Warszawa

Lindquist S (2018) ‘Exterminate all the brutes’. Granta, London

Łętowska E (2017) Państwo prawa na peryferiach Europy. Res Publica Nowa, 22 July, 2017. publica.pl/teksty/letowska-panstwo-prawa-na-peryferiach-europy-61676.html#_ftn8. Accessed 3 Jan 2022

Marek Suski: Będziemy walczyć z okupantem brukselskim. Rzeczpospolita, 9 September, 2021. https://www.rp.pl/polityka/art18904371-marek-suski-bedziemy-walczyc-z-okupantem-brukselskim. Accessed 3 Jan 2022

Mouffe C (2005). On the political. Routledge, Abingdon

Mudde C (2004) The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition 39(4):541–563. doi: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x

Mulder N (2021) The revolt against liberalism: what’s driving Poland and Hungary’s nativist turn? Guardian, 24 June, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/24/revolt-against-liberalism-eastern-europe-poland-hungary-nativist-politics. Accessed 3 Jan 2022

Nowicka-Franczak M (2020) Od zszywania do rozprucia i z powrotem. Wymiary i wzory debaty publicznej we współczesnej Polsce. In Arcimowicz J, Gadowska K (eds) Sfera publiczna w Polsce i jej współczesne konteksty. Instytut Spraw Publicznych, Warszawa, p. 305–336

Pełczyńska-Nałęcz K (2018) Polska w schowku na miotły Unii Europejskiej (interviewer Skarżyński S). Gazeta Wyborcza, 9–10 June, 2018, https://wyborcza.pl/magazyn/7,124059,23513985,polska-w-schowku-na-miotly-unii-europejskiej.html. Accessed 3 Jan 2022

Polyakova A, Taussig T, Reinert T, Kirişci K, Sloat A, Kirchick J, Hooper M, Eisen N, Kenealy A (2019) The anatomy of illiberal states: Assessing and responding to democratic decline in Turkey and Central Europe. The Brookings Institution, Washington. https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-anatomy-of-illiberal-states. Accessed 3 Jan 2022.

Rogers R, Niederer S (eds) (2020) The Politics of Social Media Manipulation. Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam

Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich (2021) Informacja o działalności Rzecznika Praw Obywatelskich w roku 2020. Biuro Rzecznika Praw Obywatelskich, Warszawa. https://bip.brpo.gov.pl/sites/default/files/Informacja_RPO_za_2020.pdf. Accessed 3 Jan 2022

Sadurski W (2018) How Democracy Dies (in Poland): A Case Study of Anti-Constitutional Populist Backsliding. Sydney Law School Research Paper 18/01. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3103491

Sadurski W (2019) Poland’s constitutional breakdown. Oxford University Press, Oxford

Sartori G (1987) The theory of democracy revisited. Vol. 2: The classical issues. Chatham House Publishers, Chatham

Shakespeare W (1968 edition) Henry VI. Part 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Smoczyński W (2019) Zbudujmy coś razem. Gazeta Wyborcza, 26–27 January, 2019

Smolar E (2015) Zagadka Kaczyńskiego (interviewer Kalukin R). Newsweek Polska, 18 October, 2015. https://www.newsweek.pl/jaroslaw-kaczynski-pis-jako-projekt-jednego-czlowieka/nxkbl5f. Accessed 3 Jan 2022

Sprawozdanie Stenograficzne z 2. posiedzenia Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w dniu 25 listopada 2015 r. (pierwszy dzień obrad) (2015). Kancelaria Sejmu RP, Warszawa. https://orka2.sejm.gov.pl/StenoInter8.nsf/0/A2F2CB8309D6D12FC1257F0900490

E/%24File/02_ksiazka_a_bis.pdf. Accessed 18 Feb 2021

Stawiany J (2020) Bez dziennikarzy i bez trudnych pytań, 15 May, 2020, https://www.press.pl/tresc/61683,konferencje-rzadu-w-czasie-pandemii-bez-dziennikarzy-i-bez-trudnych-pytan. Accessed 3 Jan 2022

Supreme Audit Office (2019) Nadzór wojewodów nad stanowieniem prawa przez organy jednostek samorządu terytorialnego. https://www.nik.gov.pl/plik/id,21893,vp,24559.pdf. Accessed 3 Jan 2022

V-Dem Institute (2021). https://www.v-dem.net/data_analysis/VariableGraph. Accessed 2 Jan 2022

Waldron J (2024) Damned Lies. Political Philosophy 1(1):39-71. https://doi.org/10.16995/pp.15481

Wasilewski J (2012) Opowieści o Polsce. Retoryka narracji. studio headmade, Warszawa

Wolff-Powęska A (2018) My, Polacy, w obsesjach swoich pogrzebani. Gazeta Wyborcza, 17–18 November, 2018. https://wyborcza.pl/magazyn/7,124059,24171496,my-polacy-w-obsesjach-swoich-pogrzebani-adam-michnik-poleca.html. Accessed 3 Jan 2022.

Żółciak T and Osiecki G (2020) Niemoc Lewiatana. System władzy PiS stworzył nie mniejsze problemy niż "państwo z dykty". Dziennik Gazeta Prawna, 24 December, 2020. https://www.gazetaprawna.pl/magazyn-na-weekend/artykuly/8050702,imposybilizm-wladzy-panstwo-z-dykty-panstwo-pis.html. Accessed 3 Jan 2022

Publicado
2024-10-25
Como Citar
Mateusz Klinowski, e Rafał Smoleń. 2024. «The March of the Brutes. Remarks on Agential Causes of the Crisis of Liberal Democracy in Poland». De Legibus - Revista De Direito Da Universidade Lusófona Lisboa, n. 7 (Outubro), 119-40. https://doi.org/10.60543/dlb.vi7.9680.